Zoology Practical Class 12(Biology)

Biochemical Tests, Human Physiology Experiments, Animal Tissues, Developmental Biology, and Human Skeleton

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Introduction

Zoology is the branch of biology that focuses on the scientific study of animals, their structure, physiology, development, and evolution. In the Class 12 curriculum of the National Examination Board (NEB) of Nepal, practical laboratory work plays an essential role in helping students understand biological processes through direct observation and experimentation.

The Class 12 Zoology Practical File is an important component of the biology course. Students are required to perform various laboratory experiments related to biochemistry, physiology, histology, and human anatomy. These experiments must be carefully recorded in a well-organized practical notebook.

Practical activities help students connect theoretical knowledge with real laboratory observations. By performing experiments such as testing biological molecules, measuring blood pressure, determining blood groups, and observing animal tissues under a microscope, students develop scientific skills including observation, data recording, analysis, and diagram drawing.

The Class 12 Zoology practical syllabus includes experiments related to:

• Detection of biological molecules such as starch and proteins
• Analysis of urine samples for bile salts, albumin, and sugar
• Measurement of human blood pressure and glucose levels
• Determination of human blood group
• Study of animal tissues under microscope
• Understanding stages of early embryonic development
• Identification of human skeleton and joints

These activities help students gain practical knowledge about human physiology, biochemical reactions, histology, and developmental biology.

In this article, we provide a complete overview of the Class 12 Zoology Practical File according to the NEB syllabus. Students can use this guide to understand the experiments and maintain their own laboratory notebooks properly.

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Index of Class 12 Zoology Practical Experiments

The Class 12 Zoology practical file contains several experiments related to biochemical tests, physiological measurements, and anatomical studies.

1. To detect the presence of starch in a given solution
2. To detect the presence of protein in a given solution (Egg albumin)
3. To test the presence of bile salt in a given urine sample
4. To test the presence of albumin in a given urine sample
5. To detect the presence of sugar in a given urine sample
6. Measurement of human blood pressure by sphygmomanometer
7. Determination of blood group in human blood
8. Measurement of glucose using a glucometer
9. Study of animal tissues
   • Epithelial tissue
   • Connective tissue
   • Muscular tissue
10. Study of developmental biology

• Fertilization
• Cleavage
• Blastula formation
• Gastrula formation

11. Study of human skeleton and human joints

Each of these experiments helps students understand important biological processes related to the human body and animal biology.

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1. Detection of Starch in a Given Solution

The iodine test is commonly used to detect the presence of starch in a solution. Starch is a carbohydrate that acts as a storage form of energy in plants.

Materials Required

• Test tube
• Dropper
• Iodine solution
• Sample solution

Procedure

1. Take a small amount of the given solution in a test tube.
2. Add a few drops of iodine solution.
3. Observe the color change.

Observation

If starch is present, the solution turns blue-black.

Result

Blue-black color confirms the presence of starch in the solution.

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2. Detection of Protein in a Given Solution (Egg Albumin)

The Biuret test is used to detect proteins in a sample. Egg albumin is a common protein used in laboratory experiments.

Materials Required

• Egg albumin solution
• Sodium hydroxide solution
• Copper sulfate solution
• Test tube

Procedure

1. Take the given solution in a test tube.
2. Add sodium hydroxide solution.
3. Add a few drops of copper sulfate solution.
4. Shake the test tube gently.

Observation

The solution develops a violet or purple color.

Result

The appearance of violet color confirms the presence of protein.

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3. Test for Bile Salts in Urine Sample

The presence of bile salts in urine may indicate liver disorders.

Procedure

1. Take urine sample in a test tube.
2. Sprinkle sulfur powder on the surface.

Observation

If sulfur powder sinks, bile salts are present.

Result

Sinking sulfur particles indicate the presence of bile salts.

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4. Test for Albumin in Urine Sample

Albumin is a protein normally absent in urine. Its presence may indicate kidney disorders.

Procedure

1. Take urine in a test tube.
2. Heat the upper portion of the solution.
3. Add a few drops of acetic acid.

Observation

A white cloudy precipitate indicates albumin.

Result

Presence of white turbidity confirms albumin in urine.

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5. Detection of Sugar in Urine Sample

The Benedict’s test is used to detect glucose in urine.

Procedure

1. Take Benedict’s reagent in a test tube.
2. Add urine sample.
3. Heat the mixture in a water bath.

Observation

Color changes from blue to green, yellow, orange, or brick-red depending on sugar concentration.

Result

Brick-red precipitate confirms presence of glucose.

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6. Measurement of Human Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of arteries.

Instrument Used

Sphygmomanometer

Procedure

1. Wrap cuff around the arm.
2. Inflate cuff to stop blood flow.
3. Slowly release pressure while listening with stethoscope.
4. Record systolic and diastolic pressure.

Normal Blood Pressure

120/80 mmHg

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7. Determination of Human Blood Group

Blood group determination is based on antigen-antibody reaction.

Procedure

1. Place drops of anti-A and anti-B sera on slide.
2. Add blood sample.
3. Mix gently.

Observation

Agglutination indicates specific blood group.

Blood Groups

A, B, AB, O

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8. Measurement of Blood Glucose Using Glucometer

A glucometer measures blood glucose levels.

Procedure

1. Clean fingertip with alcohol.
2. Prick finger using lancet.
3. Place drop of blood on test strip.
4. Insert strip into glucometer.

Result

Device displays glucose level in mg/dL.

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9. Study of Animal Tissues

Animal tissues are groups of cells performing specific functions.

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Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines organs.

Functions:

• Protection
• Absorption
• Secretion

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Connective Tissue

Connective tissue connects and supports other tissues.

Examples:

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Blood

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Muscular Tissue

Muscular tissue is responsible for movement.

Types:

• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle

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10. Developmental Biology

Developmental biology studies how organisms grow from a fertilized egg.

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Fertilization

Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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Cleavage

Cleavage is rapid cell division that produces many smaller cells called blastomeres.

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Blastula Formation

Blastula is a hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage.

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Gastrula Formation

Gastrulation forms three germ layers:

• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm

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11. Human Skeleton and Joints

The human skeleton consists of 206 bones that support and protect the body.

Functions of Skeleton

• Support
• Protection of organs
• Movement
• Blood cell formation

Types of Joints

• Ball and socket joint (shoulder)
• Hinge joint (elbow)
• Pivot joint (neck)

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Conclusion

Zoology practical experiments allow students to understand biological processes through observation and experimentation. The Class 12 NEB Zoology practical syllabus includes important experiments related to biochemical tests, physiological measurements, histology, developmental biology, and human anatomy.

Maintaining a well-organized practical file helps students record their observations, draw diagrams, and prepare effectively for practical examinations and viva.

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Thank You

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We hope this guide helps you understand the experiments and the correct format for maintaining your zoology practical notebook according to the NEB syllabus.

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